Psychosocial Issues in the Health Care of Children and Young People Essay Example

Psychosocial Issues in the Health Care of Children and Young People Essay R Psychosocial Issues in the Health Care of Children and Young people. A case study discussing the application and analysis of theories applicable to the psychological care of and child and their family. A case study discussing the application and analysis of theories applicable to the psychological care of and child and their family. I’m going to discuss a case study of a child named Jake. The name has been changed to comply with NMC confidentiality (Nursing and Midwifery Council 2012). Jake is four, and has been admitted to hospital due to a head injury. He also suffers from Asthma. The story behind this accident is vague and this family had previously contact with social services for child protection issues and the suspicion of abuse. This essay will consider the psychological effects this abuse may have on Jake; it will not discuss the actual reporting of the abuse. Jake is at an age where he requires psychological support and interaction to enable his development; Piaget demonstrated this though his Theory of Cognitive Development. Piaget believed that children go through a multiple number of stages of development and move from one stage to another once they achieve specific developmental milestones (Oakley 2004). This is backed up by Ericson’s stages of psychosocial development. He believed each stage of development has a specific conflict that the child has to overcome before moving to the next stage. If a child is unable to successfully overcome a particular conflict, the child will remain stuck at that stage until they are able to resolve that issue (Shaffer 2005). We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Issues in the Health Care of Children and Young People specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Issues in the Health Care of Children and Young People specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Issues in the Health Care of Children and Young People specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is thought that in order to move through these stages children need stimulation, encouragement and love from those around them. This will allow them build their trust, confidence and sense of security overall helping them successfully develop psychologically, in the form of social skills, cognitive and emotional development. In this case Jake may not have had the opportunity for this development due to possible neglect and abuse. He is less likely to be encouraged and may be anxious and insecure with a lack of trust in all adults. This means he may not thrive and will be ‘stuck’ at Piaget and Ericson’s development stages (Wadsworth 2004). There are many psychological theories and explanations that can be applied to this case with Jake, due to these disruptive and uneasy first few years of his life. Jake is very likely to have experienced a lot of stress. Stress can be defined as physical, mental, or emotional factor that affect the functioning of the body (Weller 2009). It becomes a problem when stress reactions are so severe that the child is unable to handle them effectively, which could apply to Jake. This stress experienced from abuse starts as a daily hassle, but can lead to more long term chronic stress (Thomas 2007). Jake is currently experiencing both types of stress, firstly due to the chronic stress of abuse and secondly the additional stress of coming into hospital. Being only four he is not old enough to manage stress or understand what he’s going though, therefore it’s likely to have a huge effect on him and his development as he can’t manage it effectively. At this age, this stress response allows the child to gain control in the short term yet not manage the long term stress. He is likely to express extreme behaviors in order to cope including, withdrawal, denial and impulsive acting out. These are defense mechanisms, which are ineffective in the long term, and lead to a more extreme way to cope, this could be shown by, panic, depression, self-harm and refusal to play with his peers (Kostelnik 1998). This is the type of coping mechanism a boy of Jake’s age is likely to express. Stress is said to be divided into three different ‘types. Positive stress, this is experienced in everyday life and is essential for development such as meeting new people or going to a new school. Tolerable stress causes more distress but is short lived, such as the death of a loved one. The third is toxic stress; this is what Jake is experiencing as a result of the abuse he is experiencing. If toxic stress is sustained over a long period of time the stress response system gets activated for the equivalent amount of time. This can lead to permanent changes in the development of the brain. Toxic stress is caused by abuse or neglect. (Shonkoff 2000). Biological Psychologists have also found a correlation between toxic stress and bodily development (National Scientific Council on the Developing Child 2004). Examples of this include impairment of the brain circuits, which can result in a smaller brain size, as well as the hormones released due to toxic stress damaging parts of the brain responsible for memory and learning. In Jakes case, this type of stress he is experiencing could influence his learning and development as he goes into adulthood, however, this is a correlation; cause and effect cannot be established (Middlebrooks 2008). Stress can have a large influence on the health of the child. A stressed child will firstly show outward signs of stress, these will include being upset, crying, whilst having little trust in adults. Stress is also likely to have an influence upon development including children’s physical, psychological, emotional well-being as well as their ability to concentrate and learn (Thomas 2007). Jake’s behavior shows that he is experiencing anxiety; so he is therefore expressing symptoms such as nausea, racing heart rate and muscle pain. It is known that the long term effects of anxiety can also influence his immune system, this is due to the levels of stress hormones released (Glaser 2008). His body is constantly in the ‘fight or flight’ mode, which is due to the level of stress hormone corticosteroids and adrenaline being released. This focuses the body’s attention away from systems, including the immune system, making him more susceptible to illness (Selye 1997). The physical abuse and limited nurturance that Jake is experiencing could also be linked to chronic impairment; this could explain why Jake has asthma. A study carried out by Coogan found childhood abuse causes stress that leads to â€Å"physiological consequences. † The stress of living in an abusive situation takes a toll on the body, specifically on the immune system and on airway development; this is evident in Jakes case (Coogan 2006). This stress is likely to also influence Jakes social development, which is an important development stage for a boy of Jakes age. If Jake has been neglected, his parents may have not helped him develop social skills and taught him how to interact with others, this will influence his speech development. When he starts school, this will have a big impact on his ability to interact with peers and teachers. It will also influence his ability to have friendships and learn to play with others as he is unable to interact with them. Jake is likely to get frustrated which could lead to signs of aggression as this is what he thinks is the ‘correct’ way to act towards others due to this early experience of abuse (Haskett 1999). Jakes role model will be his primary care givers of who are also likely to be his abusers. Even in this situation Jake will want to ‘be like’ these role models, unfortunately they are not showing him the correct way to behave. Their behaviors will be expressed by Jake too, which will lead to serious social problems. He will also be confused when he is told his behavior is not correct, as he doesn’t known any different, this can be frustrating for him and could lead to him becoming violent and in the long term effect his education (Smith 2004). As a result of Jakes poor development, he is likely to under-achieve in school and subsequently to have a low income as an adult. As a consequence of this he is also likely to have children at a very early age, and provide poor health care, nutrition and stimulation to his children, therefore contributing to poverty and further poor development. Research has also found that he is likely to demonstrate this abusive behavior onto his own children (World Health Organization 2009). The long-term effects of stress have been widely researched by psychologists. However, it is difficult to determine whether childhood stress was the route cause. The Nature/Nurture debate by Darwin is relevant to the impact of childhood experiences. Darwin questions whether the stress experienced during childhood lead to consequences in adulthood (Nurture) or if genetic makeup and traits have an impact (Nature) (Paris 2005). The long-term effects of stress were researched by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. They looked into the link between childhood stressors and adult health. They conducted a study on adverse childhood experiences (ACE), including abuse and neglect. They interviewed 170,000 participants and around one third stated they experienced an ACE during their childhood. The ACE Study uses the ACE Score; this calculated the total number of ACE respondents reported. The ACE Score is used to assess the total amount of stress during childhood as the number of ACE increase, the risk of health problems increases. Health problems include alcohol abuse, cardiac problems, depression and teenage pregnancy (Middlebrooks 2008). Children react to stress and learn to cope in many ways, including: defense mechanisms, such as denial, regression, withdrawal and impulsive acting-out. These stress responses can allow the child to temporarily gain a sense of control or balance. However, these defense mechanisms are generally not productive in the long-term and can lead to more serious stress responses, including, panic, self-harm and refusal to play with their peers (Kostelnik 1998). Therefore, support from the parents is necessary for children to learn how to respond to stress in a physically and emotionally healthy manner. Another appropriate theory in relation on Jake is attachment theory. This is referred to as the innate strong emotional bond between an infant and primary care giver (PCG), which is present in the long-term. Attachment is an important process, as children’s physical, emotional, and psychological development depends on attachments formed with the PCG. While the supply of food, clothing, and shelter is important, it is not enough to promote development. Loving care and attention are also needed if children are to grow into adults capable of forming healthy relationships with others. Attachment is the basis for a child’s understanding of themselves, the world and the people in it. This theory was developed by John Bowlby in 1969. This bond starts to form from birth and is usually with the child’s mother or father (Walker 2002). In the case of Jake, he is less likely to have formed this type of attachment with his parents. Children who have been abused have usually also experienced neglect and rejection. They have not formed the emotional bond due to not receiving positive care and attention from them, as they are punished or hurt by the people they spend most of their time with. Chronic experiences like this result in fear and insecurity, which then undermine the child’s ability to form attachment, as well as the child linking the attachment figure to pain and injury (Prior 2006). The attachment bond has several key elements. Attachment is turning to PCG to protect us and to manage our feelings, fears, anxieties, and distress as well as being a ‘safe base’. The loss or threat of loss of the person evokes distress. This first bond is thought by psychologists to form a working framework for future relationships. A successful relationship with the PCG during infancy will affect future relationships, whereas a poor relationship with the PCG during infancy is linked to emotional and behavioral problems later in life (Perry 2010). Mary Ainsworth looked into Bowlbys Attachment theory in more depth; she divided attachment up into different types and studied the effect this had on their psychological health and relationship formation, as well as how children responded to their PCG. The study involved observing children between the ages of 12 to 18 months responding to a situation in which they were briefly left alone and then reunited with their mother (Ainsworth, 1978). Ainsworth concluded that there were three major styles of attachment: secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment, and avoidant-insecure attachment. These early attachment styles have an influence upon behaviors in later life (Colin 2000). In the case with Jake, he is likely to be in the category of insecure-avoidant attachment to his PCG. In the strange situation an insecure-avoidant child will fail to develop any feelings of security from the attachment figure. Accordingly they exhibit difficulty moving away from the attachment figure to explore surroundings. When distressed they are difficult to soothe and are not comforted by the PCG. This is due to the extreme lack of trust in the PCG as well as not getting responsive, nurturing, consistent care in the early weeks and months of their lives They don’t know how to receive this reassuring care in a distressing situation, which is how Jake is likely to respond in this situation (Crittenden 2001). However this study was in an artificial environment so has low ecological validity, as well as it only showing the attachment towards one PCG, whom may not be the main attachment figure, the unusual environment may influence the child’s behavior also. For Jake multiple problems are likely to arise due to this disordered attachment in early life. Some issues are obvious such as development delays, such as language development, social behaviors and cognitive development, this is due to the early bond between child and PCG is not present which is a vital for development. Emotional functioning is usually also disordered in abused children, they maybe ‘too loving’ and hug virtual strangers, this is likely to be ‘safety seeking’ behavior to try to avoid further abuse (McPherson 2002). Children also mirror adult behavior. In this case of abused children, such as Jake, the children learn that this behavior is the ‘correct’ way to interact with others, causing problems in current and future social encounters. Another major problem with these children is aggression; this is thought to be due to lack of empathy and poor impulse control. Children like Jake do not understand others have feelings and the impact their actions may have on others. They are also likely to hurt animals, smaller children and siblings due to wanting the hurtful control their PCG has over them (Kail 2006). Based on current evidence, it is important that when children like Jake come into the healthcare setting they receive the appropriate care both physically and emotionally to make sure they are safe and their experience of coming into hospital causes as little distress as possible. Empathy and consideration should be expressed by the nurses looking after him. They need to meet his needs yet be careful ad he is likely to be hostile and have a lack of trust in any adults. He is also going to be unable to verbalize his feelings as well as adults can, due to not having their words to describe his fears and worries. Nurses need to take this into account and use different ways to allow Jake to discuss his worries, for example though play. Jake is also unable to take positive action towards managing stress when it arises, nurses should strive to relive this stress wherever possible and offer initiatives such as counseling to the children like Jake to help reduce this stress. Whilst Jake is in hospital it is important to reassure him he isn’t being punished for being ill. He may think that he has done something wrong, which is why he has been taken from his home and adults may be hurting him by the forms of injections and medication. This needs to be explained to Jake, so he gains trust in the medical staff, this can be done by making his time in hospital enjoyable and getting him involved. A new initiative has also been realized which teaches healthcare staff how to recognize children who come in suffering from abuse or neglect. This will help them build up a better picture of what is happening in the child’s life so they can alert social services if they think something might be wrong (Poulter 2012). In conclusion Jake’s situation has raised many psychological concerns about how his development is being influenced by his abusive relationship with his parents. This stress he is experiencing and the complicated attachment he has to his parents could also lead onto other psychological problems such as depression, social problems and maybe even become a risk to his health as well as extensive development problems. Nurses should work as part of a multi-disciplinary team with social services and Jakes parents to help protect Jake and his future. Ainsworth (1978). Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Solution. New Jersey: Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication . p. 45. Colin (2000). Human Attachment. 2nd ed. London: Temple University Press. p. 47-48. Crittenden. (2001). Child maltreatment and attachment theory. Available: http://www. patcrittenden. com/include/docs/Crittenden_Ainsworth_1989. pdf. Last accessed 25th March 2013. Haskett (1999). Social interactions and peer perceptions of young physically abused children.. North Carolina : Medline. p. 14. http://www. cdc. gov/ncipc/pub-res/pdf/childhood_stress. pdf Kail (2006). Human Development- A life span view. 6th ed. Belmont: Wadsworth. p. 6-9. Kostelnik (1998). Guiding childrens social development. New York: Delmar Publishers . p. 49. McPherson. (2002). A literature review of the psychological effects of child maltreatment. Available: http://www. cyc-net. org/cyc-online/cycol-0302-mcpherson. html. Last accessed 25th March 2013. Middlebrooks. (2008). he Effect of Stress on Brain Development in Childhood. The Effects of Childhood Stress on Health Across the Lifespan. 1 (2), p3-4. National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. (2004). Young Children Develop in an Environment of Relationships: Working Paper 1. http://www. developingchild. harvard. edu Nursing and Midwifery Council. (2012). Confidentiality. Available: http://www. nmc-uk. org/Nurses-and-midwives/Advice -by-topic/A/Advice/Confidentiality/. Last accessed 11th March 2013. Oakley . (2004). Piagets theory of cognitive development . In: Flanagan and Banyard Cognative Development . Sussex: Routledge. p. 13-20. Paris (2005). Nature and Nurture in Psychology. London: British Library Cataloging in Publication Data . p16. Patrica Coogan. (2006). Abuse During Childhood Linked to Adult-Onset Asthma. Available: http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2012/12/121207133240. htm. Last accessed 7th March 2013. Perry. (2010). What is Attachment. Bonding and Attachment in Maltreated Children. 1 (2), p. 3. Poulter. (2012). New child abuse alert system for hospitals . Available: http://www. dh. gov. uk/health/2012/12/abuse-alert-system/. Last accessed 25th March 2013. Prior (2006). Understanding Attachment Attachment Disorders. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 35-40. Ronald Glaser (2008). Human Stress Immunity. London: Academic Press. p. 189. Selye. (1997). Psychology and Stress. Available: http://www. guidetopsychology. com/stress. htm. Last accessed 7th March 2013. Shaffer. (2005). Ericsons Stages Of Development. In: Sordi and LeedsSocial and Personality Development. 6th ed. Belmont: Wadsworth. p. 41-46. Shonkoff. (2000). Preventing Toxic Stress In Children. Available: http://www. project-syndicate. org/commentary/preventing-toxic-stress-in-childr

3 huge reasons your team would benefit from a 6 hour work day

3 huge reasons your team would benefit from a 6 hour work day We all know the old saying about â€Å"all work and no play†¦,† and although it’s a well-worn clichà © at this point, it’s hard to deny that there is an important truth contained within. Spending too much time of our time working is rarely a recipe for a happy and well-balanced life. In fact, many experts and business leaders across industries now believe that there’s a tipping point at which spending too much time working can actually have a negative countereffect on efficiency. Imagine putting in those extra hours every week at your job only to realize that it’s actually hurting your productivity, not to mention the unfortunate effects it’s having on your general health and well-being.Healthline published an article on common effects of working too much, and it included a bunch of serious potential outcomes that shouldn’t be ignored: added alcohol use to in order to relax post-work; stalled productivity; compromised sleep and d aytime fatigue; depression; added stress; increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and cancer; extra back and neck pain; and negative effects on personal relationships.Clearly, the seriousness of this issue has led businesses to start paying attention- in fact, many are starting to look harder at decreasing the length of workdays in an effort to offset the potential adverse side effects of overworking. Another factor that’s helping to drive the case for shorter workdays is technological innovation- simply put, the tools we now have at our disposal to help us get our jobs done allows us to do more and to be more productive, in less time than ever before.Currently, there’s no unanimous consensus regarding how long the â€Å"perfect sweet spot† is for the modern workday, but there is a growing number of businesses that are experimenting with the 6-hour workday, and the initial results are encouraging. Harvard Business Review recently made a case for the six-hour we ekday, which includes a wealth of intriguing ideas about how today’s companies- and employees- can potentially benefit from moving to this workday model. Let’s take a closer look at some of the ways your team can benefit from moving to shorter workdays.Enhanced prioritizationSimply put, when we have fewer hours dedicated to getting things done, we work harder to prioritize tasks and responsibilities. This has a clear net benefit- prioritization empowers us to get organized, recognize and laser focus on the most important and essential tasks, and plan appropriately, all which help projects of all scopes and sizes get started on the right foot and progress effectively. When we move through our workdays scatterbrained and disjointed, we’re more prone to get distracted, disorganized, and derailed. Here’s the bottom line: shorter workdays and improved focus and prioritization are win-win scenarios for employers and employees alike.Honesty and focusWho among us isn’t familiar with unrealistic expectations at work? In fact, the mantra of many of today’s companies is â€Å"do more with less,† which often translates to fewer overworked employees being saddled with more responsibilities than they can feasibly handle at any given time, with fewer resources at their disposal in order to get things done.What does this often mean? Many of us expanding our already-long workdays in a futile effort to stay afloat at our jobs and avoid drowning in an unfinished ocean of daily tasks, which often leads to burnout, high rates of job turnover, and unfinished or poorly executed projects. Who does that benefit?Shorter workdays typically force employers and employees to be more realistic with what they can accomplish and be more mindful about what resources are needed in order to stay on track.Happier employeesWho knew that happier employees typically mean more productive and reliable workers? Lots of today’s most progressive and innovative companies, actually- including those who are turning to shorter workdays in an effort to empower their workers to have a healthier and happier work-life balance. Companies are increasingly abandoning the outdated and simply ill-conceived notion that they need to wring every last drop of time and energy from their employees, and are learning to accept the idea that less raw hours spent at work doesn’t mean less work getting done. Quite the opposite, it often translates to happier and more energized workers who are eager to roll up their sleeves and be productive. What business doesn’t want that?  If you’re a business owner or key decision maker at your company and are considering the idea of moving to a shorter workday but are looking for convincing reasons to do so, hopefully, the ideas presented here will get you to embrace the notion that this strategy is a great idea for your team.

Castigo de los 3 o de los 10 años para regresar a EEUU

Castigo de los 3 o de los 10 aà ±os para regresar a EEUU El castigo de los 3  o de los 10  aà ±os prohà ­be regresar a Estados Unidos cuando se ha estado ilegalmente en el paà ­s y es una de las reglas migratorias que ms problemas causa, tanto a los migrantes que quieren arreglar sus papeles como a los extranjeros que desean visitar temporalmente EE.UU. Este castigo, que en inglà ©s se conoce como   the three- and ten- year bars, fue creado por la ley Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsability Act (IIRAIRA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Entrà ³ en vigor en 1996 y, por lo tanto, no aplica a las personas que estuvieron ilegalmente en el paà ­s con anterior a esa fecha. En este artà ­culo se explica cà ³mo funciona este castigo, al que en algunos paà ­ses se llama penalidad, y las distintas posibilidades que pueden darse, por lo que es de importancia fundamental entender las particularidades que aplican al caso de cada uno, ya que hay importantes diferencias. Asimismo, se explica  quià ©n califica para un perdà ³n, tambià ©n conocido  como waiver  o permiso, los casos especiales y se resuelven dudas frecuentes. En quà © consiste el castigo de los 3  y de los 10 aà ±os y a quià ©nes aplica Si eres extranjero y has estado  ilegalmente en Estados Unidos por ms de 180 dà ­as corridos, es decir, de una sola vez, entonces cuando salgas del paà ­s no podrs regresar por tres  aà ±os. Pero si el tiempo transcurrido como ilegal es superior a 365 dà ­as continuos, entonces la prohibicià ³n es por 10  aà ±os. Por ejemplo, si ingresaste con una visa de turista y en el I-94 (registro de entrada y de salida) que  te concedieron seis meses para permanecer en Estados Unidos pero te fuiste siete meses ms tarde de la fecha consignada en el registro de entrada, entonces no podrs volver en 3  aà ±os, a contar desde la fecha en la que te fuiste. Otro ejemplo, si entraste ilegalmente por la frontera, el tiempo empieza a contarse desde ese dà ­a. Si el gobierno sospecha que has estado como indocumentado en Estados Unidos puede obligarte a probar con documentacià ³n que ese no es el caso. Es decir, no te confundas, el gobierno no tiene que demostrar que has sido un indocumentado. Todo lo contrario, te puede exigir que seas tà º el que tenga esa carga y   enseà ±es boletos de avià ³n, resguardos de tarjetas de crà ©dito o dà ©bito, contratos de arrendamiento o trabajo, facturas, etc., que sirvan para documentar tu presencia fuera de USA. Por à ºltimo, resaltar que este castigo de los tres y de los 10 aà ±os no aplica a todos los extranjeros ya que hay importantes excepciones, como por ejemplo, menores de 18 aà ±os o asilados. Dentro de Estados Unidos en situacià ³n de ilegalidad El castigo de los tres y de los 10 aà ±os tiene consecuencias distintas segà ºn la situacià ³n de la persona extranjera afectada por esta regla. En en primer lugar, veamos el caso de los extranjeros que se encuentran dentro de Estados Unidos y su situacià ³n de ilegalidad excede los 180 dà ­as. Decir que pueden ser expulsados desde el dà ­a 1 de ilegalidad o que puede iniciarse en su contra un procedimiento de deportacià ³n, dependiendo de las circunstancias de cada caso. Adems, este castigo puede afectar indirectamente a la hora de intentar de sacar la green card o de intentar obtener una visa no inmigrante al obligar a salir del paà ­s para hacer esos trmites y, de ese modo, activando el castigo. Pero no siempre es asà ­.   Y es que existe una excepcià ³n para ciertos familiares de ciudadanos americanos que sà ­ podrà ­an ajustar su estatus dentro del paà ­s, a pesar de estar en situacià ³n de indocumentados. Se tienen que dar todos los requisitos siguientes: En primer lugar, ser cà ³nyuge, hijos soltero menor de 21 aà ±os de un ciudadano o padre/madre de un ciudadano mayor de 21 aà ±os. En segundo lugar, haber ingresado a Estados Unidos legalmente. La situacià ³n de ilegalidad se produce por no haber salido del paà ­s dentro del tiempo que les concedà ­a su visa. Es decir, si se ha ingresado cruzando ilegalmente la frontera no se puede ajustar el estatus, incluso aunque se està © casado con un ciudadano o se tengan hijos americanos.   Todas las dems personas extranjeras que estn ilegalmente en Estados Unidos deben salir del paà ­s para tramitar sus papeles, en lo que se conoce como procedimiento consular. Lo que pueden hacer, si reà ºnen los requisitos, es solicitar antes de salir de Estados Unidos un perdà ³n que se conoce como perdà ³n provisional por estancia ilegal.   Sà ³lo aplica a las personas en proceso de tramitar una tarjeta de residencia permanente y deben poder acreditar que, si no les es concedido, su alejamiento por un tiempo amplio causarà ­a una situacià ³n de dureza extrema a el cà ³nyuge o el padre o la madre que debe ser ciudadano o residente permanente legal. En otras palabras, la dureza extrema que pueda causarse por la separacià ³n al migrante o a sus hijos, si los tiene, es irrelevante. La gran ventaja de obtener este waiver provisional es que, aunque sigue existiendo la obligacià ³n de salir de Estados Unidos para ir a una entrevista a un consulado, ya se viaja con el perdà ³n en la mano, por lo que si todo va bien, la estancia fuera del paà ­s se reducirà ­a a una semana o incluso menos. Destacar respecto a este perdà ³n provisional que su aprobacià ³n no es fcil y que incluso tenià ©ndolo eso no quiere decir que se obtenga siempre la visa de inmigrante para regresar a Estados Unidos ya que una vez en el consulado pueden aparecer otros problemas de inadmisibilidad. Y por à ºltimo decir que desde el 29 de julio de 2016 este perdà ³n provisional lo pueden pedir todas las personas que cumplen los requisitos antes expresados, sin que importe el camino por el que acceden a la green card, por ejemplo, peticià ³n de empresa, loterà ­a de visas, etc. Penalidad de 3 y 10 aà ±os cuando pide en consulado  una visa no inmigrante Como se ha dicho previamente en este artà ­culo, cuando una persona extranjera est en Estados Unidos en situacià ³n de presencia ilegal por ms de 180 dà ­as y luego sale del paà ­s se encuentra que no puede regresar por 3 à ³ 10 aà ±os, dependiendo del tiempo que se estuvo ilegalmente.  ¿Quà © pasa si se quiere regresar con una visa no inmigrante tipo turista, estudiante, intercambio, inversià ³n, etc.? En este caso, y al amparo de lo que legalmente se conoce como perdà ³n INA 212 (d)(3) se podrà ­a pedir un perdà ³n por estancia ilegal previa para levantar el problema que convierte a la persona en lo que se conoce tà ©cnicamente como inadmisible para ingresar a Estados Unidos.   Este perdà ³n no es fcil de obtener y depende de las circunstancias de cada caso. Se pide en el momento en que se solicita la visa no inmigrante que se desea y, para ser aprobado, se van a tener en cuenta tres puntos: la gravedad de la infraccià ³n que se cometià ³si el solicitante es de alguna forma una persona riesgosa para los Estados Unidos o sus leyesla razà ³n por la que la persona quiere viajar a Estados Unidos Es necesario probar con documentacià ³n todo lo que se dice al pedir el perdà ³n y argumentarlo debidamente en una carta. Este tipo de perdà ³n es difà ­cil de obtener, pero no imposible. Adems, tener en cuenta que incluso aunque se obtenga es posible que el oficial consultar finalmente niegue la visa, pero por otra causa. Es decir, porque considera que el solicitante de la visa es inelegible para la misma. Finalmente, si ya se ha cumplido el castigo, no es necesario pedir el perdà ³n. Tener en cuenta que es posible que si se pide una visa no inmigrante, à ©sta puede ser negada, pero no por el castigo, que ya no aplica, sino porque se es inelegible. Y es que para sacar una visa de este tipo un requisito es que el oficial consular està © convencido de que la persona que la solicita no se va a quedar en Estados Unidos ms tiempo del permitido y, là ³gicamente, va a sospechar de quien ya una vez lo hizo. Penalidad de 3 y 10 aà ±os cuando se pide en consulado una visa de inmigrante Un caso muy distinto es el de solicitud pendiente de una visa inmigrante. En estos casos el castigo de los 3 o de los 10 aà ±os convierte a la persona en inadmisible y, por consiguiente, la green card no es aprobada. Para levantar esta penalidad sà ³lo es posible un perdà ³n I-601 que tiene un requisito muy importante: probar una situacià ³n de dureza extrema para un familiar inmediato que es ciudadano americano o residente permanente de la persona que quiere emigrar y no puede por este problema. Estos perdones no son fciles de obtener y se demoran en ser tramitados entre 6 meses y 1 aà ±o, dependiendo de las circunstancias de cada caso y de la carga de trabajo entre los oficiales migratorios. Asimismo, tener en cuenta que, en ocasiones,  adems de presentar los documentos para el perdà ³n por la penalidad de los 3 o de los 10 aà ±os es necesario solicitar conjuntamente otro. Por ejemplo,  el perdà ³n I-212 por deportacià ³n. Casos especiales de perdones por castigo de 3 y 10 aà ±os Las personas que se encuentran en las siguientes categorà ­as deben saber que sus casos para pedir el perdà ³n tienen singularidades especiales, por lo que deberà ­an contactar con un abogado especialista: canadiensespersonas que ingresaron a Estados Unidos bajo el Programa de Exencià ³n de VisasTPS y NACARAVAWA, para casos de violencia domà ©sticaVisa T de trfico humanoVisa U para và ­ctimas de violenciaPrograma Juvenil Especial   Consejos prcticos sobre la penalidad de los 3 y 10 aà ±os Tener en cuenta, adems, que segà ºn las circunstancias de cada caso puede que sea imposible legalmente solicitar el perdà ³n, como asà ­ sucede cuando existe una prohibicià ³n permanente para regresar a Estados Unidos, situacià ³n que ocurre en varios casos como por ejemplo, al ingresar ilegalmente a Estados Unidos despuà ©s de una deportacià ³n. Asimismo, una aclaracià ³n sobre una duda frecuente.  ¿quà © pasa cuando el tiempo como ilegal fue inferior a 180 dà ­as? La respuesta depende del caso. Si se solicita una visa de inmigrante o un ajuste de estatus, en ambos casos para sacar la tarjeta de residencia permanente, ese tiempo de ilegalidad no va a suponer ningà ºn problema. Sin embargo, en los casos en los que se tiene una visa no inmigrante o se ha ingresado a Estados Unidos sin visa pero con una ESTA, automticamente se cancela la visa o la ESTA. A partir de ahà ­ es ms difà ­cil obtener una visa nueva porque ya el oficial consular puede sospechar de los motivos por los que se pide y est en su derecho de denegarla.   En el caso de espaà ±oles y chilenos que pueden ingresar sin visa, pierden automticamente ese derecho y ya siempre tendrn que pedir una visa si quieren viajar a Estados Unidos. Por todo lo dicho, es claro que el tema del castigo de los tres y de los 10 aà ±os es muy complejo y que las personas afectadas por esta regla  deberà ­an contratar a un  abogado de inmigracià ³n especialista  en este tipo de casos. Este artà ­culo es meramente informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Purchasing Power Parity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 15000 words

Purchasing Power Parity - Essay Example A new Eviews workfile is generated from the main menu of the Eviews by selecting File/New/Workfile, which opens up the create workfile dialogue box. Dated-regular frequency is chosen as the workfile structure type, frequency is chosen as monthly with the start date as 1990-1 and end date as 2011-03 as shown in fig1. The data from the excel is then imported by selecting the Proc/Import/Read Text-Lotus-Excel options of the main menu and choosing the dataset Data_Canada_PPP.xls. The number of series is entered as 3 in the Excel spreadsheet import dialogue box as shown in fig2. The data is imported successfully and is verified with the original data in the excel sheet by opening the generated data as shown in fig 3. Fig 1 Generate New Workfile Fig 2 Enter the number of series of Data Fig 3 Verifying the imported data 2) Generating Real Exchange Rate qt Real Exchange Rate qt is obtained by the formula: qt = st – pt + pt* -------- 1 where st = log(Exchange_rate) -------- 2 pt = log(CPI_Can) -------- 3 pt* = log(CPI_US) -------- 4 The formulae 2 to 4 are first generated using the Genr option in the workfile. The value of qt is then generated using the formula 1. The generated qt is shown in fig 3. e Fig 3 Value of qt 3) Plotting the graph (qt) Fig 4 shows the graphical view of series of values of qt. ... This can be tested using: Interpretation from Graphical representation: A non-stationary series produces lines with definite upward and downward trend with the passage of time, whereas a stationary series does not produce any such lines. Observing the Correlogram or Autocorrelation function (ACF): For a stationary process, the ACF will decline to zero in a quicker fashion whereas for a non-stationary process, the ACF declines in a linear fashion. From the graphical representation of real exchange rates between Canada and US shown in fig 4, it can be noted that the real exchange rate is likely to have some sort of random walk-up and walk-down pattern over the period of time. The presence of random walks indicates that the series qt seems to show non-stationarity in behaviour. However, the random walk does not show any increasing or decreasing trend. 4) Unit Test Root Non-stationarity of a process is characterized by the presence of unit root. In order to test whether the process is st ationary or not, it would suffice if we can check for the presence of unit root. This check can be performed by employing Augmented Dickey-Fuller’s test. The overall objective of this test is to test the null hypothesis that ? = 1 in: yt = ? yt-1 + ? + ut against the one-sided alternative ? < 1. So we define the hypothesis as H0 : yt = yt-1 + ? + ut (qt is non-stationary, ? =1) H1 : yt = ? yt-1 + ? + ut (qt is stationary. ? < 1) Subtracting the above equation with yt-1, we get the simplified equation as: ? yt = ? yt-1 + ? + ut Where ? = ?-1. Now the hypothesis for the presense unit roots can be written as: H0 : ? =0 (qt contains a unit root and is

Reward strategy- case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Reward strategy- case study - Essay Example The key issues that will be discussed include the retention, recruitment, employee benefits and performance management. Moreover, the theoretical concepts will be used to discuss the issues from theoretical perspective. Finally the recommendations will be provided to Chalmers to resolve the identified problems. In short, this report will assist Chalmers in identifying the ways through which current challenges can be faced in a better manner. The current situation of the company reflects that business strategy of the company is customers-oriented, which is especially perfect in this kind of business. However, I believe that the major issues which the company is facing are as follows: The labour market issues in Slough are not only faced by Chalmers but most of the companies in Slough are facing tightening of labour market. The major reason of the tightening of labour market is the significant recruitment problems. â€Å"Slough businesses experiencing recruitment difficulties (25% of businesses with vacancies) when compared with the South East (18%) and England (17%). There are also higher levels of hard-to fill vacancies (13% compared with 8% and 7% respectively) (Askew & Ormiston, 2008).† This report also identifies the skill gap in Slough market because 32 percent companies in the city employ staff, which is not fully proficient as compared to 18% (SE) and 16% (England). Finding a qualified people in Slough is difficult as compared to other regions of Britain. Moreover, the identified problems in Slough labour market through survey in this report include the lack of skills in the residents of Slough according to the opportunities available and the prior ities of employers reflect the growth in value added services, English language skills acquisition issue and lack of motivation issues (Askew & Ormiston, 2008). The statistics of labour markets of

Human Nature in Shakespears Plays Essay Example for Free

Human Nature in Shakespears Plays Essay Topic- in Shakespeare’s plays how is his unusual detailed knowledge of nature as well as of human beings shown? Shakespeare was a man who deeply loved nature and the beauty of it. He was not just an author who experienced and enjoyed nature but also as someone who studied, understood and knew nature intimately. In this essay there will be discussions about how Shakespeare would often use examples from nature to describe the nature of human beings in his plays and how did he show a deep understanding and knowledge of human nature which he would put that deep knowledge in his plays and poems. Shakespeare’s greatest influences were the works of other great writers as well as from variety of books, and plays which he used as subject materials for his own plays. He got most of his ideas from existing written literature. All of his plays were based on British history, adjusted to suit the occasion. He also drew ideas from many things that he grew up with, like his love for nature gave him several ideas how to write some of his plays and poetry. Besides this, he got many ideas from his childhood as his father is known to have often told him ‘bedtime stories’. Shakespeare may have got inspirations from nature and some ideas of characterizations from real life experiences but his plots where never made from events that happened in his life. Two of his favorite writers were Geoffery Chaucer (1340- 1400) and Plutarch (46-120). Chaucer, who was the first poet ever to be buried at the â€Å"poet’s corner† in Westminster Abby was from a wealthy family where his father was as a deputy to King Edward the third’s butler. Chaucer’s poetry was in Middle English and he was known to be one of the finest poets in England. Shakespeare admired him and many of the sources of his plays came from Chaucer’s poems. Plutarch studied philosophy and he taught it as a teacher in Rome where he earned the admiration of the emperors Trajan and Hadrian. Plutarch’s work was translated by Sir Thomas North which had become very popular in Renaissance England. His translations were then used by Shakespeare himself as sources for many of his plays like Cleopatra, Julius Caesar, Coriolanus, Timon of Athens, etc. The way Shakespeare examined and admired nature was quite different from regular viewers. His way of seeing nature was deep and he would use it in many other forms as well. He would usually find ideas for his poems by what he saw and nature was the biggest part that inspired him how to write his poems and plays. For example in one of his plays named King Lear, the concept of nature is considered to be the groundwork of the whole play. From Kingship through to personal human relations, to the views of the empire, from the representation of human nature to the animal imagery, there was nature filling every line of King Lear. Nature is a socially constructed concept which is made in order to legitimize the existing social order. By drawing a brief sketch of the political and social beliefs of the Elizabethan and Jacobean ages, it will be at the same time outlining the arguments for believing that nature truly is the socially constructed concept. The Elizabethan and Jacobean age was a time of change and disorder. They were not known for their unity. Elizabeth had her subjects worry about who would succeed her as she was not married, therefore there was no heir to carry on with the throne. ‘Kings are justly called Gods for that they exercise a manner or resemblance of divine power on the earth. ’ This quote was taken from the speech of James I where he describes the divine rights of Kings. James I had succeeded Elizabeth I to be the first Stuart King. Although he had the Kingship, he still was not able to overcome the political and financial problems of the state. In order for the continuation of his reign, the unity and harmony of the state and nature was of great importance. He legitimized his power by naturalization. Therefore by ‘nature’ everyone has its place, and knows the duties and obligations to that place, and those who have power cannot be questioned which are the divine rights of Kings. The belief in the social order restricting from the natural order is an important concept to hold when probing the idea of nature being utilized to maintain the status quo. The interdependence of man and nature as a theme is explored in King Lear. Men are always represented in the relation to the divine hierarchy which is the physical world and the world of animals but they are never represented in isolation. It becomes easier to understand the actions of Lear with the almost constant references to nature, once the concept of correspondence between man’s nature and the natural world is understood in terms of legitimizing the social order. In King Lear, the tragedy shown in the play is when Lear tries attempting to overthrow the ‘natural’ social order by handing over his crown to his daughters. Once disorder is initiated by Lear’s revocation of his powers and rights as King, disaster in corresponding hierarchies follow. Lear’s abandonment of his power is in direct opposition to the concept of the Divine Right of Kings. According to the laws of nature, it was impossible for Lear to stop being a king, because that was his rightful position by divine ordination and in fact throughout the play he is still referred to as the King, even though he has divided his crown. Also Lear is unable to stop seeing himself as the King, which can be seen from his banishment of Kent, soon after he has relinquished his powers: Hear me, recreant, on thine allegiance, hear me: That thou hast sought to make us break our vows, Which we durst never yet, and with strained pride To come betwixt our sentence and our power, Which nor our nature, nor our place can bear, Our potency made good take thy reward. King Lear (1. 1. 169-173) In this speech Lear not only uses the power of the King which he no longer holds to banish Kent, but he also, unknown to himself, explains why he cannot or should not divide his kingdom, for it goes against both his ‘nature’ and his ‘place’ to divide his ‘power’ from his ‘sentence,’ which is exactly what he does, thereby attempting to deny his nature and position. Aside from the natural position of Kings the natural social order can also be seen in terms of power relations between characters: King over subjects, fathers over daughters, husbands over wives. This naturalization can be seen as being represented by the character of Lear. He possesses his daughters, because he controls over them, therefore it is only ‘natural’ that they should proclaim their love for him. Cordelia’s refuses this which is therefore shocking to Lear and he calls her ‘a wretch whom nature is ashamed’. (1. 1. 213-214) The animal imagery that is shown in King Lear indicates the unnaturalness of a character‘s behavior in comparison to how they should behave if they observed the natural social order. This contradiction again underlines the distinction between nature and the ‘natural social order’. Shakespeare was good in phycology and describing the human character. He did not state many new ideas of human nature in his place as much as he did on the personalities and behaviors that all human beings have. There still are experts that claim that Shakespeare was the ‘inventor of human nature. However, these were Shakespearean experts and not the experts in psychology or human personality. It was not that Shakespeare new more things around him than other people but it was how he saw and examined things and people around him. In many of his plays and poems he showed deep knowledge of human nature. The way in which we experience fear, love, hatred, jealousy, despair, or anything else one can name. The way he wrote it and staged it would leave many artists in the dust and that the meaning of his work would stay with readers and viewers while everything around them changed. Shakespeare managed to grasp what it took to shape the essence of human nature in many of its aspects and drop it into text and drama in a way that would draw our ears, our eyes and our hearts. Unlike psychology, Shakespeare tries attempting to understand why people do what they do. He simply outshone most others, in many times and many places, at drawing portraits of the mystery of human behavior. Shakespeare used to combine nature and human nature together in many of his plays and poems. He used to describe human behavior by relating them with nature. In one of his plays known as Troilus and Cressida, he quotes the following: Let not virtue seek Remuneration for the thing it was; For beauty, wit, High birth, vigor of bone, desert in service, Love, friendship, charity are subjects all To envious and calumniating time One touch of nature makes the whole world kin, That all with one consent praise new-born gawds, Though they are made and moulded of things past, And give to dust that is a little gilt More laud than gilt oerdusted. (3. 3. 169–179) This quote was spoken by the character known as Ulysses where he says this to the great Greek warrior Achilles who did not participate in the Trojan War because he contained a broken pride and was in love with a Trojan. He did not understand why he was not liked by the other Greeks and Ulysses tried to get Achilles mind back into action by giving him an uncomplimentary lecture on human nature. In the seventh line of Ulysses’ quote, he speaks about the ‘touch of nature’ which means ‘natural traits’. These are vital characteristics that make us all in this world kin. The phrases nowadays used for our ‘touch of nature’ as warmth or generosity or any other romantic ideal is different from how Ulysses describes it. He sees unanimity in our gaudy originalities as our ‘touch of nature’ is a short memory. The past deeds of Achilles, like beauty, wit, love, and so on, are subject to the ravages of time. In other words, it is our nature to forget these types of faded glories because they do not seem important anymore as there are bigger things that should be remembered instead of wasting it on these small glories that will be slowly forgotten in the future. Shakespeare’s unusual yet deep ways of describing human nature through his characters in his plays were unique. From the way he wrote his plays and poems, it would almost feel like to the reader and viewer that he lived in another type of world and that he saw everything around him very differently from normal people. He was very good in describing what he felt through what he saw as well. In one of his well-known plays called Hamlet, one of Hamlet’s quotes he says as following: What a piece of work is a man, how noble in reason, how infinite in faculties, in form and moving how express and admirable, in action how like an angel, in apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world, the paragon of animals—and yet, to me, what is this quintessence of dust? Man delights not me— nor woman neither, though by your smiling you seem to say so. (2. 2. 303–312). This passage exemplifies how Hamlet says that man is like an angel or god in apprehension. The ‘quintessence of dust’ states that from all God’s work, Man is one of the noblest. Despite all this nobility, Hamlet is not delighted by all this grace or beauty of man. This is one of the moments where his sincerity is genuinely in question as he explains this to two of the king’s followers or ‘parasites’ as he seems them as, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. He feels like there is nothing in Denmark for him and that it feels like a prison to him where he is stuck in following his uncle’s orders and wished that there was another choice for him to follow instead. Even though Man is described as the beauty of God’s works, from what he sees man as in his life gives him another image of human nature.

HANDS and Programming :: Programming Technology Engineering Essays

HANDS and Programming Humans were never meant to stare days at a time into a screen and type lines of code into a vast expanse of nothingness. Our minds reject such alien methods with surprising ferocity. It is for this reason that programming has taken a more human-centric approach. Programming is adverse to what humans are naturally inclined to do, and because of this a push has been made for a development of programming where the programmer is not doing that which is against his nature. An example of this is HANDS, which is a programming language that is primarily directed towards children, but incorporates the human-centric ideas. (Myers, Pane, Miller) HANDS bases its programming platform on objects, in HANDS there is a figure sitting at a table that can manipulate a stack of cards, the cards being the programming utilities. This approach lessens the tedious editing of line after line of mundane code. In all actuality the programming is more of a game than a task. This appeals to children greatly (of which the language was geared for), but the basic concept could also be applied to the average programmer. The ability to program without using dry code will be a great step forward in human-centric computing. Once the base level of the computer has been conformed to serve the human’s needs, the other parts of computing that base themselves off of programming will be changed as well. It is only a matter of time. (Myers, Pane, Miller) Another type of progressive programming is in the field of Mechanical Engineering. For fifteen years â€Å"Sammie†--which is a computer model of a human--has been incorporating itself into the workplace. Sammie was a vast improvement for the engineers and their approach to the solving of problems. The engineers at one time had to interpret the anthropometric tables themselves, but with Sammie, the work was done for them allowing quicker, more accurate work to be accomplished. This is a type of program that allowed humans to operate their computers in a way that was much more natural to them, which in itself is a major progression from the previous methods that were sadly outdated and used too often. (Morrissey) Michael L. Dertouzos, the director of MIT’s Laboratory for Computer Science wrote The Unfinished Revolution: Human-Centered Computers and What They Can Do for Us.

Generoso Pharmaceutical Inc

Malijan, Mary Erjoy D. GENEROSO PHARMACEUTICALS AND CHEMICALS, INC TIME CONTEXT 1978 and in 1988 – GPC engage in the contract manufacturing of  pharmaceutical products for both the domestic and export markets and the Generics Bill came in. SUMMARY / ABSTRACT This case examines the management of Mr. David Genereso in the GENERESO PHARMACEUTICALS AND CHEMICALS, INC to become a productive and successful company. Mr. David Generoso was a philosophy graduate of a sectarian university in the Philippines.He began his career in the Philippine pharmaceutical industry at the Central Luzon Region. He married Elizabeth Reyes, a nurse and certified public accountant and they have been blessed by 5 children’s. David established a company called Generoso Pharmaceuticals and Chemicals (GPC) with Elizabeth and a business associate Mr. Rafael Buenaventura, the team set up shop at the Generoso residence in Tarlac. An initial capitalization of P300 started the business with a dozen bottl es from the pharmaceutical firms which they had been connected with before.GPC was able to establish a good track record fast and its customer base expanded beyond the region. David and Rafael had to hire extra hands to peddle their goods: 2 sales  representative in1978, 5 in 1979, 12 in 1980, 25 in 1981, 53  in 1982, and 75 in 1983. From its initial assets of P300 in 1978, GPC had total assets of P12 million in 1983which consisted of a dozen vehicles, a few pieces of real estate in the Central Luzon Region, an office, a modest amount of inventory and cash.Elizabeth initiated GPCs reorganization to control over different product lines, which by the year 1988 was composed of several subdivisions: Pharmaceutical Distribution Division, Agrovet Division, Cosmetics Division, Raw Materials Indenting Division and the Contract Manufacturing Division. As of 1988, there were 32 large-scale pharmaceutical laboratories in the Philippines, most of  which manufacture only their own brands a nd/ or brands licensed by foreign drug manufacturers and about six  were engaged in contract manufacturing. There were an estimated 150 distributors of imported pharmaceutical products in the country, and among them is GPC.Together they serviced an estimated market of at least P5. 7billion, based on retail sales statistics from the National Census and Statistics Office. No one is engaged in theextraction of active ingredients from locally available raw materials or in the  formulation of new products from known active ingredients. As a result, the country continues to rely heavily on imported pharmaceutical products and raw materials, which have averaged at U. S. $67. 853million annually from 1982 to 1986 according to Foreign Trade Statistics of the Philippines.In 1988, the American principal offered his plans to David of GPC engaging in the contract manufacturing of pharmaceutical products for both the domestic and export markets. The proposed project was to compound locally al l products that it will manufacture and sell, importing only the active ingredients and bulk materials that it is unable to produce locally. Heavy emphasis would be placed on applied research to extract and develop active ingredients from locally available raw materials, health foods, fibers, food supplements, and other over the-counter products. The company was now a going concern valued at P40 million.The proposed project would cost approximately P135 million. I. STATEMENT OF THE OBJECTIVE * To be able to continues strategic planning. * To be able to come up with the additional budget to implement the project. * To have environmental strength. II. CENTRAL PROBLEM * To determine possible action of GPC in order to continue in the competition and find additional fund for the project. III. AREAS OF CONSIDERATION (SWOT ANALYSIS) * The company has a going concern value of P40 million, and the project will cost P135 million. * The American principal offered his plan to engage GPC to expo rt the products.SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGHTS| WEAKNESSES| 1. Ready for expansion| 1. Short on financial resources| 2. Strong financial condition| 2. Expansions are too costly| 3. Reputation of good customer service | 3. Weak advertising and promotions| OPPORTUNITIES| THREATS| 1. Ability to grow rapidly| 1. Risk of the project because it is costly| 2. Business expansion| 2. Entry of new competitors| 3. Opening to emerged with new technologies| 3. Government new policies and regulatory restrictions| IV. ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION 1. Generoso Pharmaceutical and Chemicals should not accept the project and stay small. ADVANTAGE Less cost and risk. DISADVANTAGE * The company will not be competitive. 2. Generoso Pharmaceutical and Chemicals can borrow money to the bank. ADVANTAGES * Can implement the project early. * Long term payments. * Can support the project. DISADVANTAGE * Has an interest. * The longer the period the debt is not paid the higher interests. * The borrower pledges some ass ets as collateral for the loan. 3. Generoso Pharmaceutical and Chemicals should accept the project. ADVANTAGES * Higher quality of product should be obtained. * The company will remain competitive. DISADVANTAGE * It’s too costly. * Risky The creditors need to provide funds. V. RECOMMENDATION I therefore conclude that the best solution to the problem in alternative course of action is number # 2 which is the Generoso Pharmaceutical and Chemicals can borrow money to the bank because even though you had a debt and it can generate interest you can pay it because of you new technology that has and you will remain as a competitor and has a high quality of product but in a lower price. VI. STRATEGY FORMULATION Discussed the project to everyone. Have a budget. Consider the new customers that you might have. Your environment can suit with this project.Your employees were capable of doing this project. VII. PLAN OF ACTION ACTIVITIES| PERSON RESPONSIBLE| TIME FRAME| BUDGET| Discussed th e project| Owner and Principal| 1 day| | Make a detailed plan| Principal| 1 – 2 weeks| | Borrow money from banks| Owner| 1 month| | VIII. POTENCIAL PROBLEM 1. What if the project failed? 2. What if the company was not capable to pay his debt? 3. What if the budget that you collect was not enough for the project? IX. CONTINGENCY PLAN 1. Make a plan that can recover the company if the project failed. 2. Find some businessman who wants to be part of a GPC. 3. Make some Marketing and Advertising strategy.

Homosexulity & A sexual behavior Essay

A sexual behavior involving attraction towards individuals having the same sex is called Homosexuality. People have been wondering whether a homosexual couple should come out and tell all that they are homosexual. (Sullivan, 05) This is a great debate of present society over homosexual marriage, adoption by homosexual couples and the fight for homosexual partners to be treated the same as heterosexual partners in society‘s eyes. Homosexuality is not a disease even though it is treated as such. Homosexuality has been condemned in modern day society but was widely tolerated by the Greeks and Romans. When looking back at the history of the Greeks, Spartans and Romans , it is revealed that they were great fighters; one reason for this is because most soldiers were homosexual and their fellow soldiers were their lovers and they would do anything to save their lovers life. Homosexuality was actually encouraged by the ancient Greece which was written about in the heroic relationship between Achilles and Patroclus in the Iliad by Homer. It was thought that homosexuality would boost morale as well as bravery amongst the soldiers. The Greeks even practiced pederasty as a way of population control, education and crime reduction. It was also encouraged within the military to boost troop morale, bravery and overall fighting. Pederasty is a sexual relationship between an adolescent boy and an adult male who is not a family member. This could be referred to today as pedophilia. Some of the greatest men in history were homosexual or had homosexual tendencies such as (President) Abraham Lincoln, (artist, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, architect, writer) Leonardo da Vinci, (Greek King) Alexander the Great, (Roman Leader) Julius Caesar to name a few. According to the church and modern day society, homosexuality is wrong, Most of the religions believe that God hates homosexuals, homosexuals will never go to heaven and God destroyed Sodom because of homosexual behavior within the city. However, the church also says not hate the homosexuals but to only hate their behavior. Homosexuality is much more prevalent that one may want to admit; the figures are actually startling. ‘Alfred Kinsey‘s 1948 study of the sex lives of 5,000 white males shocked the nation: 37 percent had at least one homosexual experience to orgasm in their adult lives; an additional 13 percent had homosexual fantasies to orgasm; 4 percent were exclusively homosexual in their practices; another 5 percent had virtually no heterosexual experience; and nearly one-fifth had at least as many homosexual as heterosexual experiences. Two out of five men one passes on the street have had orgasmic sex with men’. (Nicolosi, 105) According to that study close to 80% of the male population has had or is having homosexual experiences. The reason why it is so shocking is because of the number of people that speak out against homosexuality far outweighs the 20% that supposedly is not or does not have homosexual experiences. Society ‘s misperception of a homosexual is an effeminate man that goes around talking in a feminine manner, talks about clothes or a butch woman who dresses like a man and talks like a man. However this perception is often wrong and in reality most homosexuals are people who we say are normal, our neighbors, friends, hairdressers and police. This has really opened my eyes and I am now questioning everyone around me; are they outspoken about gays because they are but they do not want to draw attention to themselves by keeping quiet so they shout the loudest? The numbers are quite astonishing which means they also may encompass any man a girl dates or even someone’s ex-husband. Is this study flawed? This means that two out of five men one may see walking down street have had some form of homosexual experience. Then question arises, should gay marriages be allowed? To date there are only two states that allow homosexuals to marry and they are the state of California and the state of Massachusetts. In 2004 Massachusetts became the first state to allow same sex couples the right to marry. California became the second state in 2008. Looking back at interracial marriages in the United States, the first state to allow interracial couple to marry was in 1948 in the state of California and it took 19 years before the U. S. Supreme Court changed the definition of marriage in 1967 and made interracial marriage available to committed couples that were in love throughout the entire country. If it was to use this as an example as to how long it will take same sex marriages to be accepted in every state, it would probably not be until 2023. In the bible it says marriage is a union between a man and a woman. Why does society cares about what other people do if it will never affect us in any way? Is homosexuality a genetic thing? It is for sure that there is a great excuse for homosexuals to use in order to brush people off and explain why they are gay. A scientific study that was conducted by a university in Ontario Canada suggested that male same sex orientation is linked to having older brothers even if they are not all rose together. They suggested that homosexuality results from an immune response to the mother to her male child in the womb. The research claims that a woman that has given birth to multiple males will be more susceptible to this abnormality. After having a male child or children sometimes the mother‘s immune response to her succeeding male pregnancies is to affect the child‘s future sexual orientation; which would be maternal anti-male antibodies on the sexual orientation of the brain. The immune response by the mother‘s body would damage the sexual differentiation of the brain of the male child in the womb which will in turn produce an abnormality in the fetus. This would conclude that homosexuality is not learned but a birth abnormality. There have not been enough studies done on this and there are no scientists that would come out and say this is definitive. (Sullivan, 305) However, after saying that homosexuality in animal world is widespread and has been well documented; this makes me rethink that there may be some validity to the genetic study above or maybe it ‘s just something that is a learned behavior in both the human and animal world. After all, it is known that animals do learn and explore different things so it may be that they learned this behavior and all others learned by example. Homosexuals believe that to have children is more about dependability and dedication, not sexual point of reference. They say that there is no valid reason behind passing the anti-homosexual adoption law by the government. Those who are against homosexual adoption believe that being adopted by parents who are living together as homosexuals, may bring out unrestrained homophobia from the rest of society. Children can be very harsh with their words and actions against others who know not how to react and defend themselves because they do not know the â€Å"normal† lifestyle in which the other children lead. They would probably be teased and tormented to no end and there is nothing anyone could to about it. If the male and female household has not been the norm for millions of years, this may not propose such a problem. The children may not even be the main problem. It is most likely that parents of male/female relationships would not allow their children to associate with gay or lesbian adopted children, and would probably create a major dispute with the school system in which they are attending school. (Mark, 3) Those who disagree with homosexual adoption also think that in response to being a child of such a lifestyle, it would encourage the children to be homosexual themselves. Whether this is true or not, I don’t know, but I do think that because that is all that they know they would most likely turn to a form of it sometime during their life ,which would in turn increase the homosexual population. This could also pose a problem for the many people who disagree with homosexuality and it is scary to think of the extremes people may take to rid or exclude this population from their lives. Think of the times of the Civil War days, when blacks were practically banned from the majority of public places because they were not the majority or the â€Å"normal† color. Could this ever happen to gays and lesbians? This is a question we must ask ourselves. I know there are laws prohibiting such acts, but there are laws discouraging many things that still go on today, like murder, sexual abuse, etc. There is nothing really stopping people from moving out of town ,taking their kids out of school, or utilizing the same public places that they share with homosexual people. There are cases where this has already happened. (Nicolosi, 104) Children have been moved to different schools because parents don’t want their child to be influenced in any way by a homosexual, or even a child of one. There is nothing to stop them from taking such actions or even actions much worse. It is hard to tell the extremes that people may go to in order to carry out their beliefs. There are several different web-sites that contained a lot of good information on homosexual adoption. First ,http://www. homes4kids. org/gay. htm is a web-site that explains some of the problems that gay and lesbian adoptive parents encounter. One of the problems that may be encountered is trying to find an agency that will work with them. A growing number of agencies are accepting applications from gay and lesbian adults, however, when the child to be adopted is a child with special needs. If the home study reveals that the applicant will be a good parent, his or her sexual orientation is immaterial. If state law does not prohibit gays and lesbians from adopting, most agencies will be willing to work with you. If you are successful in finding an agency, there are great places where you can find adoption support groups for gay and lesbian adults. One of these places is the National Adoption Information Clearinghouse, NAIC. The address and a little of their information is posted on the web-site mentioned above. Web-sites such as this one are good in my opinion because of the fact that I’m sure that people get down when they are turned away adoption agencies because of their sexual orientation, even though they know they would make fantastic parents and provide greatly for a child. Therefore,support groups may be needed at times to help individuals to keep their heads up and to keep trying until they find someone who can see it from their point of view. They may even be able to point you in the right direction in helping you to find an agency who works well with gays and lesbians wanting to adopt. This is a good site to utilize because like mentioned before, sometimes we need some assistance when we are trying to make a lifetime decision. People who have experienced such times as we may be going through are often times a lot of help and usually have a lot of information to share. This site was created by the North American Council on Adoptable Children. They are a valuable resource because they have experienced many different situations and know a lot about what the possibilities are of becoming an adoptive parent as a gay or lesbian. This particular web-site has any downfalls except that the could’ve put a few more links on it to point people to other options if these certain ones aren’t working for them. There are homosexuals in today‘s society that resist identifying themselves as homosexuals. They have homosexual encounters but have girlfriends so they do not consider themselves to be homosexual and they are mostly black college students. However alarming this may seem one can understand in the black culture homosexuality is looked down on more than in the white culture. (Gerard, 4) Like in Jamaica homosexuality is not tolerated at all, if you are found to be having a homosexual relationship whether it is men or women they are almost always stoned or hacked to death. The killers are never brought to justice since the society considers homosexuality as an immoral thing. Homosexuality is usually seen as abnormal however one should not forget that there are a number of other things too in present world that can be said as aberrant. However, a lot of individuals also believe that consenting adults are free to choose who they want to be with sexually as long as it does not include minors and we as society should not have a say in what other people do. Modern day society is way too concerned with what others do and not concerned enough with what is going on in their own household. If it does not directly affect us no one really care. Works Cited Baird, R. M. Same-sex Marriage: The Moral And Legal Debate Contemporary Issues, Prometheus Books, 2004, pg 135-150. Gerard, J. M, Aardweg. V. The Battle for Normality: A Guide for (Self)Therapy for Homosexuals. 2006, pg 1-5. http://www. religioustolerance. org/homosexu. htmhttp://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Homosexualityhttp://www. narth. com/menus/born. html . Mark. L. Homosexuality, Morality, and the Truth of Church Teaching, 2007, pg 1-4. Nicolosi. J. A ‘Parent’s Guide to Preventing Homosexuality’ IVP Books, 2002, 100-120. Rauch. J. ‘The Marriage Amendment : Constitutional issues’ , National Review, 2001, Retrieved from http://old. nationalreview. com/23jul01/letters072301. shtml. Sullivan. A. ‘Virtually Normal: An Argument about Homosexuality’, Vintage, 1996, 10-20. Sullivan. A. ‘Same-Sex Marriage: Pro and Con’ Vintage, 2004, 300-310. Sullivan. A. ‘What are homosexuals for? ’ 2010, Retrieved from http://mrglennjchs. files. wordpress. com/2010/01/sullivan. pdf

Propaganda

Propaganda The Institute of Propaganda Analysis was founded by Edward Filene in 1937 to educate the American public about the nature of propaganda and how to recognize propaganda techniques. Propagandists use a variety of propaganda techniques to influence opinions and to avoid the truth. There are seven techniques, which include: Name Calling, Glittering Generalities, Transfer, Testimonial, Plain Folks, Card Stacking, and Band Wagon. These techniques are designed to fool us because of the appeal to our emotions rather than to our reason.Plain FolksPlain folks propaganda is used to as an approach to convince the audience that the spokes person is from humble origins, someone you can trust and has their interests at heart. The speaker uses ordinary language to reach out to their audience to identify their point of view. The first example I found of plain folks is used by John Kerry in his acceptance speech to the Democratic National Convention.The website is msnbc.com/id/5552784/. The main focus of Kerry's speech was to convince Americans that he is a regular guy, just like them and that they all want the same things for their country. He uses his military background as a way to relate to the compassion to American troops. Another example of plain folk's propaganda is when Kerry tells moral and affectionate stories about his parents and the patriotic middle class he grew up in. In one point of his speech, Kerry discuses his mother and father, a subject that is emotional for many people. He states, "my mother was the rock of our family, as many mothers are. She stayed up late to help me with my homework. She sat in my bed when I was sick, she answered the questions of a child who, like all children, found the world to be full of...English: Uncle Sam recruiting poster.It also easy to understand what the message is trying to say. This is effective because many people don't read posters that don't attract their attentions and since this poster is neat and colourful it attracts people to read it and it is easy to understand what the poster is trying to say. One of the seven tricks that are used in this poster is glittering generalities because it is a vague, sweeping statement slogan and another one is plain folk because it is using ordinary people or trying to make yourself sound ordinary to persuade. This is a propaganda poster because the women want their men to go to war but they didn't know that it was a terrible experience and can involve death. The message in this poster is directed toward woman because it is their "responsibility for ordering men into war". In the poster...

How to Use Faire and Rendir in French

How to Use Faire and Rendir in French If youre making something and want to say so in French, which verb do you use, faire  or rendir? This is more complicated than it may seem, because to make can be translated into French in a number of ways. These two verbs are the most common and each has rules governing when and how to use them.   General Usage If youre speaking about making something in a very general sense, then you should use  faire. For example:   Ã‚  Ã‚   Je fais un gà ¢teau  Ã‚  Ã‚  Im making a cake  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fais ton lit  Ã‚  Ã‚  Make your bed  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il a fait une erreur  Ã‚  Ã‚  He made a mistake The same rule applies when implying causality:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Cela  ma  fait  penser  Ã‚  Ã‚  That made me think  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il me  fait  faire  la  vaisselle  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hes making me do the dishesTo make in the sense of producing something is fabriquer, while in the sense of building its construire. To talk about forcing someone to do something (e.g., Make me!), use obliger or forcer. Special Cases Things get a little more complicated if you are describing how something makes you feel. In these cases, you should use  faire when its followed by a noun in French, and rendre when its followed by an adjective. For example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Cela me fait mal  Ã‚  Ã‚  That makes me feel pain. That hurts (me).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tu me fais honte !  Ã‚  Ã‚  You make me feel so ashamed!  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cette pensà ©e fait peur  Ã‚  Ã‚  That thought makes me scared. Its a frightening thought.      Cela me rend heureux  Ã‚  Ã‚  That makes me happy.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Le poisson ma rendu malade  Ã‚  Ã‚  The fish made me sick.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest te rendre fou  Ã‚  Ã‚  Its enough to make/drive you crazy. There are some exceptions, of course. For the following nouns, you need to use the verb donner:      donner soif quelquun  Ã‚  Ã‚  to make someone thirsty  Ã‚  Ã‚  donner faim quelquun  Ã‚  Ã‚  to make someone hungry  Ã‚  Ã‚  donner froid quelquun  Ã‚  Ã‚  to make someone (feel) cold  Ã‚  Ã‚  donner chaud quelquun  Ã‚  Ã‚  to make someone (feel) hotBecause all of the above are adjectives in English, you might have a little trouble deciding if the French word is a noun or an adjective. The solution is to think about which French verb it needs to mean to be. Nouns need avoir (avoir mal, avoir soif) while adjectives need à ªtre (à ªtre heureux, à ªtre malade). Other Verbs Many expressions that include to make in English are translated by completely different verbs in French: to make angry fcher to make an appointment donner/prendre rendez-vous to make believe (pretend) faire semblant to make a decision prendre une dcision to make do se dbrouiller to make friends/enemies se faire des amis/ennemis to make the grade y arriver to make (someone) late mettre quelquun en retard to make a meal prparer un rpas to make money gagner de largent to make sure sassurer, vrifier to make tired fatiguer to make up (invent) inventer, fabriquer(after a fight) se rconcilier(with cosmetics) se maquiller

Critical Thinking Paper Draft and Self-evaluation Essay

Critical Thinking Paper Draft and Self-evaluation - Essay Example I am completely motivated and geared up to stop smoking, I remember I smoked for the very first time when I was young and I knew nothing about the damage which smoking could cause, I got to know about the damage only later on and I have been trying hard to quit but the temptation always lingers on and it is quite hard to stop it but this time around I am going to do it and I have already been quite successful. I do not even remember the last time that I smoked and this I think is really a big achievement for me and I am going to carry on and completely stop it because I have realized that it is really dangerous and can cause lung cancer, I have already seen enough pain and suffering in those videos. Those videos have been really useful and have motivated me to quit. Chewing gum has also helped me a ton, whenever I feel the urge to smoke I start chewing and this has been of great help to me, the urge to smoke goes away as soon as I pop it into my mouth and the urge to smoke instantly goes away. â€Å"Nicotine replacement therapies work by giving you a small amount of nicotine, but without the dangerous effects of inhaling tobacco smoke. This helps relieve the withdrawal symptoms and cravings for a cigarette that you get when you stop smoking, and allows you to get on with breaking the psychological habit of smoking. If you are physically addicted to nicotine, using NRT has been shown to almost double your chances of successfully quitting smoking.† (Nicorette Gum) This idea was first suggested to me by a good friend and I tried it and it works like a charm for me, the first time I tried it and I was very happy with the results and I knew this was going to save me, I have bought several gums to help me quit. These are a couple of ideas that have really helped me, discipline in life is really important and I have realized this very late but I am going to follow it till my last breath, I have also understood how difficult it is to give up on vices. Developing